In this module, we explore why Jews became the special targets of European hatred. We consider different types of anti-Jewish attitudes and behaviours over time and assess how they contributed to the genocide against Europe’s Jewish populations at the hands of the Nazis during World War II (1939-1945). This module considers issues of historical continuity and discontinuity and causation, and you will be asked to weigh long-term causal factors with more immediate, short-term ones. Ultimately, we will ask to what extent Christian anti-Judaism is to blame for the genocide or if there is something peculiar with Nazi antisemitism that led to a continent-wide murder campaign: is Nazi antisemitism “old wine in new bottles”?